Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text. Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text. Carat symbol “^” designates a superscript. Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. Antiquated spellings have been preserved. Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered. Footnotes have been moved from the bottom of the page where they are referenced to the end of the chapter. WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE PANAMA, SUEZ, MANCHESTER, NICARAGUAN, AND OTHER CANALS.…
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