STATE OF CHEMISTRY IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 1 Introductory. Some Founders of Modern Chemistry: Liebig, Wöhler, Dumas. Rapid Extension of Organic Chemistry after 1850: Laurent and Gerhardt, Hofmann. Development of theory in Organic Chemistry. Other representative men of the middle period of the Nineteenth Century: Graham, Williamson, Bunsen. Modern Chemistry in relation to the Atomic Theory. THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS DISCOVERED SINCE 1850 26 Nomenclature and Classification of Elements. Numerical relationships. Modes of discovery. The Spectroscope. Cæsium, rubidium, thallium, indium, gallium, scandium, germanium. The rare earth elements. Industrial applications of rare elements.…
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