XXXV.

A cavalier, who underneath the shade, Seems lost, as in a melancholy dream; And on the bank, which gaudy flowers displayed, Reposing, overhangs the crystal stream. His horse beneath a spreading beech is laid, And from a bough the shield and helmet gleam. While his moist eyes, and sad and downcast air, Speak him the broken victim of despair.

XXXVI.

Urged by the passion lodged in every breast, A restless curiosity to know Of others’ cares, the gentle maid addressed The knight, and sought the occasion of Ins woe. And he to her his secret grief confessed, Won by her gentle speech and courteous show, And by that gallant bearing, which at sight, Prepared who saw her for a nimble knight.

XXXVII.

“Fair sir, a band of horse and foot,” he said, “I brought to Charlemagne; and thither pressed, “Where he an ambush for Marsilius spread, “Descending from the Pyrenean crest; “And in my company a damsel led, “Whose charms with fervid love had fired my breast. “When, as we journey by Rhone’s current, I “A rider on a winged courser spy.

XXXVIII.

“The robber, whether he were man or shade, “Or goblin damned to everlasting woe, “As soon as he beheld my dear-loved maid, “Like falcon, who, descending, aims its blow, “Sank in a thought and rose; and soaring, laid “Hands on his prize, and snatched her from below. “So quick the rape, that all appeared a dream, “Until I heard in air the damsel’s scream.

XXXIX.

“The ravening kite so swoops and plunders, when “Hovering above the sheltered yard, she spies “A helpless chicken near unwatchful hen, “Who vainly dins the thief with after cries. “I cannot reach the mountain-robber’s den, “Compassed with cliffs, or follow one who flies. “Besides, way-foundered is my weary steed, “Who ’mid these rocks has wasted wind and speed.

XL.

“But I, like one who from his bleeding side “Would liefer far have seen his heart out-torn, “Left my good squadrons masterless, to ride “Along the cliffs, and passes least forlorn; “And took the way (love served me for a guide) “Where it appeared the ruthless thief had born, “Ascending to his den, the lovely prey, “What time he snatched my hope and peace away.

XLI.

“Six days I rode, from morn to setting sun, “By horrid cliff, by bottom dark and drear; “And giddy precipice, where path was none, “Nor sign, nor vestiges of man were near. “At last a dark and barren vale I won, “Where caverned mountains and rude cliffs appear: “Where in the middle rose a rugged block, “With a fair castle planted on the rock.

XLII.

“From far it shone like flame, and seemed not dight “Of marble or of brick; and in my eye “More wonderful the work, more fair to sight “The walls appeared, as I approached more nigh. “I, after, learned that it was built by sprite “Whom potent fumes had raised and sorcery: “Who on this rock its towers of steel did fix, “Case-hardened in the stream and fire of Styx.

XLIII.

“Each polished turret shines with such a ray “That it defies the mouldering rust and rain: “The robber scours the country night and day, “And after harbours in this sure domain. “Nothing is safe which he would bear away; “Pursued with curses and with threats in vain. “There (fruitless every hope to foil his art) “The felon keeps my love, oh! say my heart.

XLIV.

“Alas! what more is left me but to eye “Her prison on that cliff’s aërial crest? “Like the she-fox, who hears her offspring cry, “Standing beneath the ravening eagle’s nest; “And since she has not wings to rise and fly, “Runs round the rugged rock with hopeless quest. “So inaccessible the wild dominion “To whatsoever has not plume and pinion.

XLV.

“While I so lingered where those rocks aspire, “I saw a dwarf guide two of goodly strain; “Whose coming added hope to my desire “(Alas! desire and hope alike were vain) “Both barons bold, and fearful in their ire: “The one Gradasso, King of Sericane, “The next, of youthful vigour, was a knight, “Prized in the Moorish court, Rogero hight.

XLVI.

“The dwarf exclaimed, ‘These champions will assay ‘Their force with him who dwells on yonder steep, ‘And by such strange and unattempted way ‘Spurs the winged courser from his mountain-keep.’ “And I to the approaching warriors say, ‘Pity, fair sirs, the cruel loss I weep, ‘And, as I trust, you daring spoiler slain, ‘Give my lost lady to my arms again.’

XLVII.

“Then how my love was ravished I make known, “Vouching with bitter tears my deep distress. “They proffer aid, and down the path of stone “Which winds about the craggy mountain, press. “While I, upon the summit left alone, “Look on, and pray to God for their success “Beneath the wily wizard’s castle strong “Extends a little plain, two bow-shots long.

XLVIII.

“Arrived beneath the craggy keep, the two “Contend which warrior shall begin the fight. “When, whether the first lot Gradasso drew, “Or young Rogero held the honor light, “The King of Sericane his bugle blew, “And the rock rang and fortress on the height; “And, lo! apparelled for the fearful course, “The cavalier upon his winged horse!

XLIX.

“Upwards, by little and by little, springs “The winged courser, as the pilgrim crane “Finds not at first his balance and his wings, “Running and scarcely rising from the plain; “But when the flock is launched and scattered, flings “His pinions to the wind, and soars amain. “So straight the necromancer’s upward flight, “The eagle scarce attempts so bold a height.

L.

“When it seems fit, he wheels his courser round, “Who shuts his wings, and falling from the sky, “Shoots like a well-trained falcon to the ground, “Who sees the quarry, duck or pigeon, fly: “So, through the parting air, with whizzing sound, “With rested lance, he darted from on high; “And while Gradasso scarcely marks the foe “He hears him swooping near, and feels the blow.

LI.

“The wizard on Gradasso breaks his spear, “He wounds the empty air, with fury vain. “This in the feathered monster breeds no fear; “Who to a distance shifts, and swoops again. “While that encounter made the Alfana rear, “Thrown back upon her haunches, on the plain. “The Alfana that the Indian monarch rode, “The fairest was that ever man bestrode .

LII.

“Up to the starry sphere with swift ascent “The wizard soars, then pounces from the sky, “And strikes the young Rogero, who, intent “Upon Gradasso, deems no danger nigh. “Beneath the wizard’s blow the warrior bent, “Which made some deal his generous courser ply; “And when to smite the shifting foe he turned, “Him in the sky, and out of reach discerned.

LIII.

“His blows Rogero, now Gradasso, bruise “On forehead, bosom, back, or flanks between; “While he the warrior’s empty blows eschews, “Shifting so quickly that he scarce is seen. “Now this, now that, the wizard seems to choose, “The monster makes such spacious rings and clean, “While the enchanter so deceives the knights, “They view him not, and know not whence he smites.

LIV.

“Between the two on earth and him o’ the sky, “Until that hour the warfare lasted there, “Which, spreading wide its veil of dusky dye, “Throughout the world, discolours all things fair; “What I beheld, I say; I add not, I, “A tittle to the tale; yet scarcely dare “To tell to other what I stood and saw; “So strange it seems, so passing Nature’s law.

LV.

“Well covered in a goodly silken case, “He, the celestial warrior, bore his shield; “But why delayed the mantle to displace “I know not, and its lucid orb concealed. “Since this no sooner blazes in his face, “Than his foe tumbles dazzled on the field; “And while he, like a lifeless body, lies , “Becomes the necromancer’s helpless prize.

LVI.

“Like carbuncle, the magic buckler blazed, “No glare was ever seen which shone so bright: “Nor could the warriors choose but fall, amazed “And blinded by the clear and dazzling light. “I, too, that from a distant mountain gazed, “Fell senseless; and when I regained my sight, “After long time, saw neither knights nor page, “Nor aught beside a dark and empty stage.

LVII.

“This while the fell enchanter, I supposed, “Dragged both the warriors to his prison-cell; “And by strange virtue of the shield disclosed, “I from my hope and they from freedom fell: “And thus I to the turrets, which enclosed “My heart, departing, bade a last farewell. “Now sum my griefs, and say if love combine “Other distress or grief to match with mine.”

LVIII.

The knight relapsed into his first disease, After his melancholy tale was done. This was Count Pinabel, the Maganzese, Anselmo d’ Altaripa’s faithless son. He, where the blood ran foul through all degrees, Disdained to be the only virtuous one; Nor played a simple part among the base, Passing in vice the villains of his race.

LIX.

With aspect changing still, the beauteous dame Hears what the mournful Maganzese narrates; And, at first mention of Rogero’s name, Her radiant face with eager joy dilates. But, full of pity, kindles into flame As Pinabel his cruel durance states. Nor finds she, though twice told, the story stale; But makes him oft repeat and piece his tale.

LX.

And, after, when she deemed that all was clear, Cried to the knight, “Repose upon my say. “To thee may my arrival well be dear, “And thou as fortunate account this day. “Straight wend me to the keep, sir cavalier, “Which holds a jewel of so rich a ray: “Nor shalt thou grudge thy labour and thy care, “If envious Fortune do but play me fair.”

LXI.

The knight replied, “Then nought to me remains “But that I yonder mountain-passes show; “And sure ’tis little loss to lose my pains, “Where every thing is lost I prize below. “But you would climb yon cliffs, and for your gains “Will find a prison-house; and be it so! “Whate’er betide you, blame yourself alone; “You go forewarned to meet a fate foreshown.”

LXII.

So said, the cavalier remounts his horse, And serves the gallant damsel as a guide; Who is prepared Rogero’s gaol to force, Or to be slain, or in his prison stied. When lo! a messenger, in furious course, Called to the dame to stay, and rode and cried. This was the post who told Circassia’s lord What valiant hand had stretched him on the sward.

LXIII.

The courier, who so plied his restless heel, News of Narbonne and of Montpelier bore: How both had raised the standard of Castile, All Acquamorta siding with the Moor; And how Marseilles’ disheartened men appeal To her, who should protect her straightened shore; And how, through him, her citizens demand Counsel and comfort at their captain’s hand.

LXIV.

This goodly town, with many miles of plain, Which lie ’twixt Var and Rhone, upon the sea, To her was given by royal Charlemagne: Such trust he placed in her fidelity. Still wont with wonder on the tented plain The prowess of that valiant maid to see. And now the panting courier, as I said, Rode from Marseilles to ask the lady’s aid.

LXV.

Whether or not she should the call obey, The youthful damsel doubts some little space; Strong in one balance Fame and Duty weigh, But softer thoughts both Fame and Duty chase: And she, at length, resolved the emprize to assay, And free Rogero from the enchanted place: Or, should her valour in the adventure fail, Would with the cherished lover share his jail.

LXVI.

And did with such excuse that post appay, He was contented on her will to wait: Then turned the bridle to resume her way With Pinabel, who seemed no whit elate. Since of that line he knows the damsel gay, Held in such open and such secret hate; And future trouble to himself foresees, Were he detected as a Maganzese.

LXVII.

For ’twixt Maganza’s and old Clermont’s line There was an ancient and a deadly feud: And oft to blows the rival houses came, And oft in civil blood their hands embrued. And hence some treason to this gentle dame In his foul heart, the wicked County brewed; Or, as the first occasion served, would stray Out of the road, and leave her by the way.

LXVIII.

And so the traitor’s troubled fancy rack Fear, doubt, and his own native, rancorous mood, That unawares he issued from the track, And found himself within a gloomy wood: Where a rough mountain reared its shaggy back, Whose stony peak above the forest stood; The daughter of Dordona’s duke behind, Dogging his footsteps through the thicket blind.

LXIX.

He, when he saw himself within the brake, Thought to abandon his unweeting foe; And to the dame— “ ’Twere better that we make “For shelter ere the gathering darkness grow; “And, yonder mountain past, (save I mistake) “A tower is seated in the vale below. “Do you expect me then, while from the peak “I measure the remembered place I seek.”

LXX.

So said, he pushed his courser up the height Of that lone mountain; in his evil mind Revolving, as he went, some scheme or sleight To rid him of the gentle dame behind. When lo! a rocky cavern met his sight, Amid those precipices dark and blind: Its sides descended thirty yards and more, Worked smooth, and at the bottom was a door.

LXXI.

A void was at the bottom, where a wide Portal conducted to an inner room: From thence a light shone out on every side, As of a torch illumining the gloom. Fair Bradamant pursued her faithless guide, Suspended there, and pondering on her doom: And came upon the felon where he stood, Fearing lest she might lose him in the wood.

LXXII.

When her approach the County’s first intent Made vain, the wily traitor sought to mend His toils, and some new stratagem invent To rid her thence, or bring her to her end. And so to meet the approaching lady went, And showed the cave, and prayed her to ascend; And said that in its bottom he had seen A gentle damsel of bewitching mien,

LXXIII.

Who, by her lovely semblance and rich vest, Appeared a lady of no mean degree; But melancholy, weeping, and distressed, As one who pined there in captivity; And that when he towards the entrance pressed, To learn who that unhappy maid might be, One on the melancholy damsel flew, And her within that inner cavern drew.

LXXIV.

The beauteous Bradamant, who was more bold Than wary, gave a ready ear; and, bent To help the maid, imprisoned in that hold, Sought but the means to try the deep descent. Then, looking round, descried an elm-tree old, Which furnished present means for her intent: And from the tree, with boughs and foliage stored, Lopt a long branch, and shaped it with her sword.

LXXV.

The severed end she to the count commended, Then, grasping it, hung down that entrance steep, With her feet foremost, by her arms suspended: When asking if she had the skill to leap, The traitor, with a laugh, his hands extended, And plunged his helpless prey into the deep. “And thus,” exclaimed the ruffian, “might I speed “With thee each sucker of thy cursed seed!”

LXXVI.

But not, as was the will of Pinabel, Such cruel lot fair Bradamant assayed; For striking on the bottom of the cell, The stout elm-bough so long her weight upstayed, That, though it split and splintered where it fell, It broke her fall, and saved the gentle maid. Some while astounded there the lady lay, As the ensuing canto will display.

Errata

NOTES TO CANTO II.

A thief thyself, if Fame the truth reports .

Stanza iv. line 3.

Such accusations are frequent in the Innamorato , and seem, as well as the adventure in the Fata Morgana’s garden, where Rinaldo’s rapacious conduct is contrasted with the disinterestedness of Orlando, to justify Sancho in stigmatizing the son of Aymon and his followers as “greater thieves than Cacus.” In fact, Renaud de Montauban , or Rinaldo di Mont’ Albano, appears to have been the governor of a fortress on the Spanish frontier, and was probably distinguished by what may be considered as the most characteristic attribute of a borderer. Stripped of the gaudier trappings with which romance has invested him, he was, perhaps, much the same sort of person as a distinguished modern author has exhibited to us in the Scotts and Musgraves of the Border Minstrelsy.

Though passing thick, Fusberta cleaves it .

Stanza x. line 5.

Fusberta is the name of Rinaldo’s sword. See the Innamorato , passim .

Of Britain, which was after England named .

Stanza xxvi. line 4.

This line is here in its proper place; but it is odd enough that Machiavel should have given this obvious piece of antiquarian lore in his Florentine History. The words in which it is expressed are (if I recollect rightly) the same in Machiavel’s prose and Ariosto’s verse.

Haul down their mainsail, &c .

Stanza xxix. line 2.

If Ariosto sometimes appears less exact in his description of naval matters than in other points, I am less inclined to attribute his supposed errors to the fear he is reported to have suffered on shipboard (considering that he had served by sea as well as by land), than to the alteration which has taken place in the construction and equipment of vessels since his time, the peculiar nature of an inland sea, and the modes of navigation which are suited to such vessels and such seas. Thus, the mainsail, hauled down, was, probably, an after sail, which will explain the manœuvre as facilitating the vessel’s wearing. The quick shiftings of the wind which follow are common characteristics of the Mediterranean.

Rogero was his valiant father’s name, His mother was the child of Agolant .

Stanza xxxii. lines 3 and 4.

For the story of the father and mother, see the Orlando Innamorato .

The Alfana that the Indian monarch rode The fairest was that ever man bestrode .

Stanza li. lines 7 and 8.

This was the favourite mare of Gradasso; for which also see the Innamorato passim .

Like a lifeless body lies .

Stanza lv. line 7.

Ariosto, who, like most successful poets, was a free borrower, is indebted to Dante for the original line, of which this is a translation:

E caddi come un corpo morto cade.

L’Inferno , canto v.

The first line, indeed, of his first stanza, so often altered, is a close parody of a verse in the Purgatorio:

Le donne e i cavalier, ’gli affanni e gli agi.

Il Purgatorio , canto xiv.

Layout 2

THE ORLANDO FURIOSO.

CANTO III.

ARGUMENT.

Restored to sense, the beauteous Bradamant

Finds sage Melissa in the vaulted tomb,

And hears from her of many a famous plant

And warrior, who shall issue from her womb.

Next, to release Rogero from the haunt

Of old Atlantes, learns how from the groom,

Brunello hight, his virtuous ring to take;

And thus the knight’s and others’ fetters break.

THE ORLANDO FURIOSO.

CANTO III.

I.

Who will vouchsafe me voice that shall ascend As high as I would raise my noble theme? Who will afford befitting words, and lend Wings to my verse, to soar the pitch I scheme? Since fiercer fire for such illustrious end, Than what was wont, may well my song beseem. For this fair portion to my lord is due Which sings the sires from whom his lineage grew.

II.

Than whose fair line, ’mid those by heavenly grace Chosen to minister this earth below, You see not, Phœbus, in your daily race, One that in peace or war doth fairer show; Nor lineage that hath longer kept its place; And still shall keep it, if the lights which glow Within me, but aright inspire my soul, While the blue heaven shall turn about the pole.

III.

But should I seek at full its worth to blaze, Not mine were needful, but that noble lyre Which sounded at your touch the thunderer’s praise, What time the giants sank in penal fire. Yet should you instruments, more fit to raise The votive work, bestow, as I desire, All labour and all thought will I combine, To shape and shadow forth the great design.

IV.

Till when, this chisel may suffice to scale The stone, and give my lines a right direction; And haply future study may avail, To bring the stubborn labour to perfection. Return we now to him, to whom the mail Of hawberk, shield, and helm, were small protection: I speak of Pinabel the Maganzeze, Who hopes the damsel’s death, whose fall he sees.

V.

The wily traitor thought that damsel sweet Had perished on the darksome cavern’s floor, And with pale visage hurried his retreat From that, through him contaminated door. And, thence returning, clomb into his seat: Then, like one who a wicked spirit bore, To add another sin to evil deed, Bore off with him the warlike virgin’s steed.

VI.

Leave we sometime the wretch who, while he layed Snares for another, wrought his proper doom; And turn we to the damsel he betrayed, Who had nigh found at once her death and tomb. She, after rising from the rock, dismayed At her shrewd fall, and gazing through the gloom, Beheld and passed that inner door, which gave Entrance to other and more spacious cave.

VII.

For the first cavern in a second ended, Fashioned in form of church, and large and square; With roof by cunning architect extended On shafts of alabaster rich and rare. The flame of a clear-burning lamp ascended Before the central altar; and the glare, Illuminating all the space about, Shone through the gate, and lit the cave without.

VIII.

Touched with the sanctifying thoughts which wait On worthy spirit in a holy place, She prays with eager lips, and heart elate, To the Disposer of all earthly grace: And, kneeling, hears a secret wicket grate In the opposing wall; whence, face to face, A woman issuing forth, the maid addresses, Barefoot, ungirt, and with dishevelled tresses.

IX.

“O generous Bradamant,” the matron cried, “Know thine arrival in this hallowed hold “Was not unauthorized of heavenly guide: “And the prophetic ghost of Merlin told, “Thou to this cave shouldst come by path untried, “Which covers the renowned magician’s mould. “And here have I long time awaited thee, “To tell what is the heavens’ pronounced decree.

X.

“This is the ancient memorable cave “Which Merlin , that enchanter sage, did make: “Thou may’st have heard how that magician brave “Was cheated by the Lady of the Lake. “Below, beneath the cavern, is the grave “Which holds his bones; where, for that lady’s sake, “His limbs (for such her will) the wizard spread. “Living he laid him there, and lies there dead.

XI.

“Yet lives the spirit of immortal strain; “Lodged in the enchanter’s corpse, till to the skies “The trumpet call it, or to endless pain, “As it with dove or raven’s wing shall rise. “Yet lives the voice, and thou shalt hear how plain “From its sepulchral case of marble cries: “Since this has still the past and future taught “To every wight that has its counsel sought.

XII.

“Long days have passed since I from distant land “My course did to this cemetery steer, “That in the solemn mysteries I scanned, “Merlin to me the truth should better clear; “And having compassed the design I planned, “A month beyond, for thee, have tarried here; “Since Merlin, still with certain knowledge summing “Events, prefixed this moment for thy coming.”

XIII.

The daughter of Duke Aymon stood aghast, And silent listened to the speech; while she Knew not, sore marvelling at all that passed, If ’twere a dream or a reality. At length, with modest brow, and eyes down-cast, Replied (like one that was all modesty), “And is this wrought for me? and have I merit “Worthy the workings of prophetic spirit?”

XIV.

And full of joy the adventure strange pursues, Moving with ready haste behind the dame, Who brings her to the sepulchre which mews The bones and spirit, erst of Merlin’s name. The tomb, of hardest stone which masons use, Shone smooth and lucid, and as red as flame. So that although no sun-beam pierced the gloom, Its splendour lit the subterraneous room.

XV.

Whether it be the native operation Of certain stones, to shine like torch i’ the dark, Or whether force of spell or fumigation, (A guess that seems to come more near the mark) Or sign made under mystic constellation, The blaze that came from the sepulchral ark Discovered sculpture, colour, gems, and gilding, And whatsoever else adorned the building.

XVI.

Scarcely had Bradamant above the sill Lifted her foot, and trod the secret cave, When the live spirit, in clear tones that thrill, Addressed the martial virgin from the grave; “May Fortune, chaste and noble maid, fulfil “Thine every wish!” exclaimed the wizard brave, “Since from thy womb a princely race shall spring, “Whose name through Italy and earth shall ring.

XVII.

“The noble blood derived from ancient Troy , “Mingling in thee its two most glorious streams, “Shall be the ornament, and flower, and joy, “Of every lineage on which Phœbus beams, “Where genial stars lend warmth, or cold annoy, “Where Indus, Tagus, Nile, or Danube gleams; “And in thy progeny and long drawn line “Shall marquises, counts, dukes, and Cæsars shine.

XVIII.

“Captains and cavaliers shall spring from thee, “Who both by knightly lance and prudent lore, “Shall once again to widowed Italy “Her ancient praise and fame in arms restore; “And in her realms just lords shall seated be, “(Such Numa and Augustus were of yore), “Who with their government, benign and sage, “Shall re-create on earth the golden age.

XIX.

“Then, that the will of Heaven be duly brought “To a fair end through thee, in fitting date, “Which from the first to bless thy love has wrought, “And destined young Rogero for thy mate, “Let nothing interpose to break that thought, “But boldly tread the path prescribed by fate; “Nor let aught stay thee till the thief be thrown “By thy good lance, who keeps thee from thine own.”

XX.

Here Merlin ceased, that for the solemn feat Melissa might prepare with fitting spell, To show bold Bradamant, in aspect meet, The heirs who her illustrious race should swell. Hence many sprites she chose; but from what seat Evoked, I know not, or if called from hell: And gathered in one place (so bade the dame), In various garb and guise the shadows came.

XXI.

This done, into the church she called the maid, Where she had drawn a magic ring, as wide As might contain the damsel, prostrate laid; With the full measure of a palm beside. And on her head, lest spirit should invade, A pentacle for more assurance tied . So bade her hold her peace, and stand and look, Then read, and schooled the demons from her book.

XXII.

Lo! forth of that first cave what countless swarm Presses upon the circle’s sacred round, But, when they would the magic rampart storm, Finds the way barred as if by fosse or mound; Then back the rabble turns of various form; And when it thrice with bending march has wound About the circle, troops into the cave, Where stands that beauteous urn, the wizard’s grave.

XXIII.

“To tell at large the puissant acts and worth, “And name of each who, figured in a sprite, “Is present to our eyes before his birth,” Said sage Melissa to the damsel bright; “To tell the deeds which they shall act on earth, “Were labour not to finish with the night. “Hence I shall call few worthies of thy line, “As time and fair occasion shall combine.

XXIV.

“See yonder first-born of thy noble breed, “Who well reflects thy fair and joyous face; “He, first of thine and of Rogero’s seed , “Shall plant in Italy thy generous race. “In him behold who shall distain the mead, “And his good sword with blood of Pontier base; “The mighty wrong chastised, and traitor’s guilt, “By whom his princely father’s blood was spilt.

XXV.

“By him King Desiderius shall be pressed , “The valiant leader of the Lombard horde: “And of the fiefs of Calaon and Este; “For this imperial Charles shall make him lord. “Hubert , thy grandson, comes behind; the best “Of Italy, with arms and belted sword: “Who shall defend the church from barbarous foes, “And more than once assure her safe repose.

XXVI.

“Alberto next, unconquered captain, see , “Whose trophies shall so many fanes array. “Hugh, the bold son, is with the sire, and he “Shall conquer Milan, and the snakes display. “Azo, that next approaching form shall be, “And, his good brother dead, the Insubri sway . “Lo! Albertazo! by whose rede undone , “See Berengarius banished, and his son.

XXVII.

“With him shall the imperial Otho join “In wedlock worthily his daughter fair. “And lo! another Hugh! O noble line ! “O! sire succeeded by an equal heir! “He, thwarting with just cause their ill design, “Shall trash the Romans’ pride who overbear; “Shall from their hands the sovereign pontiff take, “With the third Otho, and their leaguer break.

XXVIII.

“See Fulke, who to his brother will convey “All his Italian birth-right, and command “To take a mighty dukedom far away “From his fair home, in Almayn’s northern land. “There he the house of Saxony shall stay, “And prop the ruin with his saving hand; “This in his mother’s right he shall possess, “And with his progeny maintain and bless.

XXIX.

“More famed for courtesy than warlike deed, “Azo the second, he who next repairs! “Bertoldo and Albertazo are his seed: “And, lo! the father walks between his heirs. “By Parma’s walls I see the Germans bleed, “Their second Henry quelled; such trophy bears “The one renowned in story’s future page: “The next shall wed Matilda, chaste and sage.

XXX.

“His virtues shall deserve so fair a flower, “(And in his age, I wot, no common grace) “To hold the half of Italy in dower, “With that descendant of first Henry’s race. “Rinaldo shall succeed him in his power , “Pledge of Bertoldo’s wedded love, and chase “Fierce Frederick Barbarossa’s hireling bands; “Saving the church from his rapacious hands.

XXXI.

“Another Azo rules Verona’s town , “With its fair fields; and two great chiefs this while. “(One wears the papal, one the imperial crown ), “The baron, Marquis of Ancona style. “But to show all who rear the gonfalon “Of the consistory, amid that file, “Were task too long; as long to tell each deed “Achieved for Rome by thy devoted seed.

XXXII.

“See Fulke and Obyson , more Azos, Hughs! “Both Henrys!—mark the father and his boy. “Two Guelphs: the first fair Umbria’s land subdues , “And shall Spoleto’s ducal crown enjoy. “Behold the princely phantom that ensues, “Shall turn fair Italy’s long grief to joy; “I speak of the fifth Azo of thy strain , “By whom shall Ezelin be quelled and slain.

XXXIII.

“Fierce Ezelin, that most inhuman lord, “Who shall be deemed by men a child of hell, “And work such evil, thinning with the sword “Who in Ausonia’s wasted cities dwell; “Rome shall no more her Anthony record, “Her Marius, Sylla, Nero, Cajus fell. “And this fifth Azo shall to scathe and shame “Put Frederick, second Cæsar of the name .

XXXIV.

“He, with his better sceptre well contented, “Shall rule the city, seated by the streams , “Where Phœbus to his plaintive lyre lamented “The son, ill-trusted with the father’s beams; “Where Cygnus spread his pinions, and the scented “Amber was wept, as fabling poet dreams. “To him such honour shall the church decree; “Fit guerdon of his works, and valour’s fee.

XXXV.

“But does no laurel for his brother twine , “Aldobrandino, who will carry cheer “To Rome (when Otho, with the Ghibelline, “Into the troubled capital strikes fear), “And make the Umbri and Piceni sign “Their shame, and sack the cities far and near; “Then hopeless to relieve the sacred hold, “Sue to the neighbouring Florentine for gold:

XXXVI.

“And trust a noble brother to his hands, “Boasting no dearer pledge, the pact to bind: “And next, victorious o’er the German bands, “Give his triumphant ensigns to the wind: “To the afflicted church restore her lands, “And take due vengeance of Celano’s kind. “Then die, cut off in manhood’s early flower, “Beneath the banners of the Papal power?

XXXVII.

“He, dying, leaves his brother Azo heir “Of Pesaro and fair Ancona’s reign, “And all the cities which ’twixt Tronto are , “And green Isauro’s stream, from mount to main; “With other heritage, more rich and rare, “Greatness of mind, and faith without a stain. “All else is Fortune’s in this mortal state; “But Virtue soars beyond her love and hate.

XXXVIII.

“In good Rinaldo equal worth shall shine , “(Such is the promise of his early fire) “If such a hope of thine exalted line, “Dark Fate and Fortune wreck not in their ire. “Alas! from Naples in this distant shrine, “Naples, where he is hostage for his sire, “His dirge is heard: A stripling of thy race, “Young Obyson, shall fill his grandsire’s place .

XXXIX.

“This lord to his dominion shall unite “Gay Reggio, joined to Modena’s bold land. “And his redoubted valour lend such light, “The willing people call him to command. “Sixth of the name, his Azo rears upright “The church’s banner in his noble hand: “Fair Adria’s fief to him in dower shall bring “The child of second Charles, Sicilia’s king.

XL.

“Behold in yonder friendly group agreed, “Many fair princes of illustrious name; “Obyson, Albert famed for pious deed, “Aldobrandino, Nicholas the lame . “But we may pass them by, for better speed, “Faenza conquered, and their feats and fame; “With Adria (better held and surer gain) “Which gives her title to the neighbouring main:

XLI.

“And that fair town, whose produce is the rose , “The rose which gives it name in Grecian speech: “That, too, which fishy marshes round enclose , “And Po’s two currents threat with double breach; “Whose townsmen loath the lazy calm’s repose, “And pray that stormy waves may lash the beach. “I pass, mid towns and towers, a countless store, “Argenta, Lugo, and a thousand more.

XLII.

“See Nicholas, whom in his tender age , “The willing people shall elect their lord; “He who shall laugh to scorn the civil rage “Of the rebellious Tideus and his horde; “Whose infantine delight shall be to wage “The mimic fight, and sweat with spear and sword: “And through the discipline such nurture yields, “Shall flourish as the flower of martial fields.

XLIII.

“By him rebellious plans are overthrown, “And turned upon the rash contriver’s head; “And so each stratagem of warfare blown, “That vainly shall the cunning toils be spread. “To the third Otho this too late is known, “Of Parma and the pleasant Reggio dread; “Who shall by him be spoiled in sudden strife, “Of his possessions and his wretched life.

XLIV.

“And still the fair dominion shall increase, “And without wrong its spreading bounds augment; “Nor its glad subjects violate the peace, “Unless provoked some outrage to resent, “And hence its wealth and welfare shall not cease; “And the Divine Disposer be content “To let it flourish (such his heavenly love!) “While the celestial spheres revolve above.

XLV.

“Lo! Lionel! lo! Borso great and kind ! “First duke of thy fair race, his realm’s delight; “Who reigns secure, and shall more triumphs find “In peace, than warlike princes win in fight. “Who struggling Fury’s hands shall tie behind “Her back, and prison Mars, removed from sight. “His fair endeavours bent to bless and stay “The people, that his sovereign rule obey.

XLVI.

“Lo! Hercules, who may reproach his neighbour , “With foot half burnt, and halting gait and slow, “That at Budrìo, with protecting sabre, “He saved his troops from fatal overthrow; “Not that, for guerdon of his glorious labour, “He should distress and vex him as a foe; “Chased into Barco. It were hard to say, “If most he shine in peace or martial fray.

XLVII.

“Lucania, Puglia, and Calabria’s strand, “Shall with the rumour of his prowess ring: “Where he shall strive in duel, hand to hand , “And gain the praise of Catalonia’s king. “Him, with the wisest captains of the land “His worth shall class; such fame his actions bring; “And he the fief shall win like valiant knight, “Which thirty years before was his of right.

XLVIII.

“To him his grateful city owes a debt, “The greatest subjects to their lord can owe; “Not that he moves her from a marsh, to set “Her stones, where Ceres’ fruitful treasures grow. “Nor that he shall enlarge her bounds, nor yet “That he shall fence her walls against the foe; “Nor that he theatre and dome repairs, “And beautifies her streets and goodly squares;

XLIX.

“Not that he keeps his lordship well defended “From the winged lions’ claws and fierce attacks ; “Nor that, when Gallic ravage is extended, “And the invader all Italia sacks, “His happy state alone is unoffended ; “Unharassed, and ungalled by toll or tax. “Not for these blessings I recount, and more “His grateful realm shall Hercules adore;

L.

“So much as that from him shall spring a pair “Of brothers, leagued no less by love than blood; “Who shall be all that Leda’s children were; “The just Alphonso, Hippolite the good . “And as each twin resigned the vital air “His fellow to redeem from Stygian flood, “So each of these would gladly spend his breath, “And for his brother brave perpetual death.

LI.

“In these two princes’ excellent affection, “Their happy lieges more assurance feel, “Than if their noble town, for its protection, “Were girded twice by Vulcan’s works of steel. “And so Alphonso in his good direction, “Justice, with knowledge and with love, shall deal, “Astrea shall appear returned from heaven, “To this low earth to varying seasons given.

LII.

“Well is it that his wisdom shines as bright “As his good sire’s, nor is his valour less; “Since here usurping Venice arms for fight, “And her full troops his scanty numbers press, “There she (I know not if more justly hight “Mother or stepmother) brings new distress; “But, if a mother, scarce to him more mild “Than Progne or Medea to her child.

LIII.

“This chief, what time soever he shall go “Forth with his faithful crew, by night or day, “By water or by land, will shame the foe, “With memorable rout and disarray; “And this too late Romagna’s sons shall know. “Led against former friends in bloody fray, “Who shall bedew the champaign with their blood, “By Santern, Po, and Zaniolus’ flood.

LIV.

“This shall the Spaniard know, to his dismay , “ ’Mid the same bounds, whom papal gold shall gain; “Who shall from him Bastia win and slay, “With cruel rage, her hapless Castellain, “The city taken; but shall dearly pay; “His crime, the town retrieved, and victor slain: “Since in the rescued city not a groom “Is left alive, to bear the news to Rome.

LV.

“ ’Tis he, who with his counsel and his lance, “Shall win the honours of Romagna’s plain, “And open to the chivalry of France “The victory over Julius, leagued with Spain. “Paunch-deep in human blood shall steeds advance “In that fierce strife, and struggle through the slain, “ ’Mid crowded fields, which scarce a grave supply, “Where Greek, Italian, Frank, and Spaniard die.

LVI.

“Lo! who in priestly vesture clad, is crowned “With purple hat, conferred in hallowed dome! “ ’Tis he, the wise, the liberal, the renowned “Hippolitus, great cardinal of Rome ; “Whose actions shall in every region sound, “Where’er the honoured muse shall find a home: “To whose glad era, by indulgent heaven, “ As to Augustus’ is a Maro given .

LVII.

“His deeds adorn his race, as from his car “The glorious sun illumes the subject earth “More than the silver moon or lesser star; “So far all others he transcends in worth. “I see this captain, ill bested for war, “Go forth afflicted, and return in mirth: “Backed by few foot, and fewer cavaliers , “He homeward barks, and fifteen gallies steers.

LVIII.

“Two Sigismonds, the first, the second, see; “To these Alphonso’s five good sons succeed; “Whose glories spread o’er seas and land shall be. “The first shall wed a maid of France’s seed. “This is the second Hercules; and he , “(That you may know their every name and deed), “Hippolitus; who with the light shall shine, “Of his wise uncle, gilding all his line.

LIX.

“Francis the third comes next; the other two “Alphonsos both;—but yet again I say, “Thy line through all its branches to pursue, “Fair virgin, would too long protract thy stay; “And Phœbus, many times, to mortal view, “Would quench and light again the lamp of day. “Then, with thy leave, ’tis time the pageant cease, “And I dismiss the shades and hold my peace.”

LX.

So with the lady’s leave the volume closed, Whose precepts to her will the spirits bent. And they, where Merlin’s ancient bones reposed, From the first cavern disappearing, went. Then Bradamant her eager lips unclosed, Since the divine enchantress gave consent; “And who,” she cried, “that pair of sorrowing mien, “Alphonso and Hippolitus between?

LXI.

“Sighing, those youths advanced amid the show, “Their brows with shame and sorrow overcast, “With downward look, and gait subdued and slow: “I saw the brothers shun them as they passed.” Melissa heard the dame with signs of woe, And thus, with streaming eyes, exclaim’d at last: “Ah! luckless youths , with vain illusions fed, “Whither by wicked men’s bad counsel led!

LXII.

“O, worthy seed of Hercules the good, “Let not their guilt beyond thy love prevail; “Alas! the wretched pair are of thy blood, “So may prevailing pity turn the scale!” And in a sad and softer tone pursued, “I will not further press the painful tale. “Chew on fair fancy’s food: Nor deem unmeet “I will not with a bitter chase the sweet.

LXIII.

“Soon as to-morrow’s sun shall gild the skies “With his first light, myself the way will show “To where the wizard knight Rogero sties; “And built with polished steel the ramparts glow: “So long as through deep woods thy journey lies “Till, at the sea arrived, I shall bestow “Such new instructions for the future way, “That thou no more shalt need Melissa’s stay.”

LXIV.

All night the maid reposes in the cave, And the best part in talk with Merlin spends; While with persuasive voice the wizard grave To her Rogero’s honest love commends; Till from the vault goes forth that virgin brave, As through the sky the rising sun ascends, By path, long space obscure on either side, The weïrd woman still her faithful guide.

LXV.

They gain a hidden glen, which heights inclose, And mountains inaccessible to man: And they all day toil on, without repose, Where precipices frowned and torrents ran. And (what may some diversion interpose) Sweet subjects of discourse together scan, In conference, which best might make appear The rugged road less dismal and severe.

LXVI.

Of these the greater portion served to guide (Such the wise woman’s scope) the warlike dame; And teach by what device might be untied Rogero’s gyves, if stedfast were her flame. “If thou wert Mars himself, or Pallas,” cried The sage Melissa; “though with thee there came “More than King Charles or Agramant command, “Against the wizard foe thou could’st not stand.

LXVII.

“Besides that it is walled about with steel, “And inexpugnable his tower, and high; “Besides that his swift horse is taught to wheel, “And caracol and gallop in mid sky, “He bears a mortal shield of power to seal, “As soon as ’tis exposed, the dazzled eye; “And so invades each sense the splendour shed, “That he who sees the blaze remains as dead.

LXVIII.

“And lest to shut thine eyes, thou should’st suppose “Might serve, contending with the wizard knight; “How would’st thou know, when both in combat close, “When he strikes home, or when eschews the fight? “But to escape the blaze which blinds his foes, “And render vain each necromantic sleight, “Have here a speedy mean which cannot miss; “Nor can the world afford a way but this.

LXIX.

“King Agramant of Africa a ring, “Thieved from an Indian queen by subtle guiles, “Has to a baron of his following “Consigned, who now precedes us by few miles; “Brunello he. Who wears the gift shall bring “To nought all sorceries and magic wiles. “In thefts and cheats Brunello is as well “Instructed, as the sage in charm and spell.

LXX.

“Brunello, he so practised and so sly “As now I tell thee, by his king is sent, “That he with aid of mother wit may try, “And of this ring, well proved in like event, “To take Rogero from the castle high; “So has he boasted, by the wizard pent: “And to his lord such promise did impart, “Who has Rogero’s presence most at heart.

LXXI.

“That his escape to thee alone may owe, “Not to the king, the youthful cavalier, “How to release Rogero from his foe “And his enchanted cage, prepare to hear. “Three days along the shingle shalt thou go, “Beside the sea, whose waves will soon appear; “Thee the third day shall to a hostel bring, “Where he shall come who bears the virtuous ring.

LXXII.

“That thou may’st recognise the man, in height “Less than six palms, observe one at this inn “Of black and curly hair the dwarfish wight! “Beard overgrown about the cheek and chin; “With shaggy brow, swoln eyes, and cloudy sight, “A nose close flattened, and a sallow skin; “To this, that I may make my sketch complete, “Succinctly clad, like courier, goes the cheat.

LXXIII.

“Thy conversation with this man shall turn “Upon enchantment, spell, and mystic pact; “And thou shalt, in thy talk, appear to yearn “To prove the wizard’s strength, as is the fact. “But, lady, let him not thy knowledge learn “Of his good ring, which mars all magic act: “He shall propose to bring thee as a guide “To the tall castle, whither thou would’st ride.

LXXIV.

“Follow him close, and viewing (for a sign), “Now near, the fortress of the enchanter hoar; “Let no false pity there thy mind incline “To stay the execution of my lore. “Give him his death; but let him not divine “Thy thought, nor grant him respite; for before “Thine eyes, concealed by it, the caitiff slips “If once he place the ring between his lips.”

LXXV.

Discoursing thus, they came upon the sea Where Garonne near fair Bordeaux meets the tide; Here, fellow travellers no more to be, Some natural tears they drop and then divide. Duke Aymon’s child, who slumbers not till she Release her knight, holds on till even-tide: ’Twas then the damsel at a hostel rested, Where Sir Brunello was already guested.

LXXVI.

The maid Brunello knows as soon as found (So was his image on her mind impressed), And asks him whence he came, and whither bound; And he replies and lies, as he is pressed. The dame, who is forewarned, and knows her ground, Feigns too as well as he, and lies her best: And changes sex and sect, and name and land, And her quick eye oft glances at his hand;

LXXVII.

Oft glances at his restless hand, in fear That he might undetected make some prize; Nor ever lets the knave approach too near, Well knowing his condition: In this guise The couple stand together, when they hear A sudden sound: but what that sound implies I, sir, shall tell hereafter, with its cause; But first shall break my song with fitting pause.

Errata

NOTES TO CANTO III.

This is the ancient memorable cave Which Merlin, &c .

Stanza x. lines 1 and 2.

The story of Merlin is so familiar to all my readers, that it stands in no need of comment, and it is scarcely necessary to add, that the account given here of his death does not vary from the ancient romancers’ relations, except in that Ariosto has changed the scene from Britain, the original seat of all sorcery and chivalry, to France.

The noble blood, &c .

Stanza xvii. line 1.

The beginning of this pedigree is, of course, purely ideal.

A pentacle for more assurance tied .

Stanza xxi. line 6.

A five-sided instrument, as the name imports, constructed With some mystical reference to the five senses, and considered as the best defence against demons in the act of conjuration, &c. It is termed signum Salamonis by the cabalists (the Solomon’s seal of which we hear so many wonders in Eastern tales), and is still relied upon for its powers by the ignorant in Italy, and, probably, elsewhere: though in England it is only known through books.

He, first of thine and off Rogero’s seed .

Stanza xxiv. line 3.

This Rizieri, whom Ariosto calls Ruggiero, died without a son.

By him king Desiderius shall be pressed .

Stanza xxv. line 1.

Pope Adrian called in Pepin to his assistance against Desiderius the last of the Lombard kings, who was expelled from Italy; and it is for supposed services in this warfare that Rogero, who lived before the time of Charlemagne, is rewarded by that sovereign with the fiefs of Calaon and Este.

Hubert, thy grandson, comes behind .

Stanza xxv. line 5.

Uberto, Count of Este and Commacchio.

Alberto next, unconquered captain, see .

Stanza xxvi. line 1.

Alberto defeated the Emperor Berengarius the first, who had taken Milan. Hugh, spoken of as bearing the serpents, afterwards the symbol of the duchy, was the son of Albert, as stated in the text.

And, his good brother dead, the Insubri sway .

Stanza ssvi. line 6.

The district of Lombardy, in which are situated Milan, Como, Pavia, Lodi, Novara, and Vercelli, the ancient possessions of the Insubri.

Azzo the first succeeded to the government of Milan, but was obliged to fly the persecution of Berengarius, and take refuge with Otho the first Duke of Saxony, taking with him his wife, then big with Albertazzo.

Lo! Albertazo! by whose rede undone .

Stanza ssvi. line 7.

Albertazzo is said to have counselled the calling in of Otho, mentioned above, to the attack and discomfiture of the third Berengarius and his son. He married Alda, the daughter of Otho.

And lo! another Hugh! O noble line!

Stanza xxvii. line 3.

Gregory V. having fled from Rome, where he was insulted by the citizens, took refuge with the Emperor Otho, whereupon another pope was elected, who, in his turn, retired from this Hugh (Ugo), Otho’s general, into the castle of St. Angelo. Hugh replaced Gregory in the papal chair. I cannot, however, explain how he could be said to take Otho as well as Gregory out of the hands of the Romans, as Otho was besieging the castle of St. Angelo. He may indeed be said to have broken up the siege, by removing the cause of it.

See Fulke, who to his brother will convey All his Italian birthright and command .

Stanza xxviii. lines 1 and 2.

Hugh and Fulke (Ugo and Fulco) were sons of Albertazzo and Alda, to whose duchy of Saxony, which had devolved to her at the death of her father Otho, Fulke succeeded, making over his possessions in Italy to his brother Hugh. It is from this sucker that the present royal family of England is derived.

Azo the second, he who next repairs!

Stanza xxix. line 2.

“Azzo II. had sons Bertoldo and Albertazzo, who resisted Henry II.; in opposition to whom, Rodolph, Duke of Saxony, was chosen. A pitched battle was fought between the rivals, in which Henry was driven out of Italy. On the side of Rodolph was Bertoldo, who figures in the text for his services on that occasion. The marriage of Matilda to his brother Albertazzo, on which the poet dwells with satisfaction, did not justify in its effects the triumph with which he seems to regard it; as it was dissolved on account of scruples respecting relationship, entertained by Matilda.”

Such is the information I extract from the old commentators, who appear, however, to have accommodated facts to Ariosto’s statements, which are here, I believe, irreconcilable with real history.

Rinaldo shall succeed him in his power .

Stanza xxx. line 5.

Rinaldo, son of the fourth Marquis of Este, fought against the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and Octavian, the anti-pope, in favour of Alexander III.

Another Azo rules Verona’s town .

Stanza xxxi. line 1.

This Azzo was elected Podesta of Verona.

See Fulke and Obyson, more Azos, Hughs!

Stanza xxxii. line 1.

I have preferred English names, or even French, as approaching nearer to our associations, wherever no ridicule attached to them. For this reason I have changed Obizzo (accented as a dactyl in Italian) into its French equivalent.

Two Guelphs: the first fair Umbria’s land subdues .

Stanza xxxii. line 3.

The Lords of Este, siding with the Guelphs, received from the church the duchy of Spoleto.

I speak of the fifth Azo of thy strain .

Stanza xxxii. line 7.

By whom Ezzelino, nick-named the son of the devil, on account of his monstrous cruelties, was defeated, wounded, and taken. But I believe the poet is not justified in killing him by the hand of Azzo, as he is supposed to have committed suicide. Authors are not agreed about the manner in which he effected it.

Shall rule the city, seated by the streams .

Stanza xxxiv. line 2.

Ferrara.—I need hardly add that the Po was the supposed scene of Phaeton’s catastrophe, the transformation of his sisters into poplars or larches weeping amber, and of Cygnus into a swan.

But does no laurel for his brother twine, Aldobrandino, &c .

Stanza xxxv. lines 1 and 2.

Aldobrandino of Este, and first Marquis of Ferrara, obliged Otho IV. to retire into Germany, who had made war on Pope Innocent IV. and driven him into the capital for shelter. Aldobrandino being in want of money to carry on the war, borrowed it of the Florentines, leaving his brother in pledge. His end and succession are also truly related in the text. I should add, that he killed the Count of Celano, to which Ariosto has also alluded.

And all the, cities which ’twixt Tronto are, And green Isauro’s stream, from mount to main .

Stanza xxxvii. lines 3 and 4.

This space would, I believe, comprehend the old Exarchate of Ravenna.

In good Rinaldo equal worth shall shine .

Stanza xxxviii. line 1.

Rinaldo, the son of Azzo, who was poisoned at Naples, where he was confined by Frederic II.

Young Obyton, shall fill his grandsire’s place .

Stanza xxxviii. last line.

Obizzo, natural son of the last Rinaldo, was legitimated by Pope Innocent III. with the consent of the emperor, and succeeded to the inheritance of Ferrara. He conquered Modena and Reggio.

Sixth of the name, his Azo rears upright .

Stanza xxxix. line 5.

In a partial crusade, in the time of Charles II. king of the two Sicilies, Azzo was made standard-bearer, and, for his services, obtained the daughter of that king in matrimony.

Aldobrandino, Nicholas the lame .

Stanza xl. line 4.

Niccolo d’Este, and Alberto his brother, obtained Faenza, and were successful in their enterprises.

And that fair town, whose produce is the rose .

Stanza xli. line 1.

Rovigo, called in Latin Rhodigium, translated from the Greek ῥοδιγιον

That, too, which fishy marshes round enclose .

Stanza xli. line 3.

Commacchio, a town in the Ferrarese, situated between two branches of the Po; whose inhabitants are said to rejoice in storms, because they drive the fish into their marshes, called in the Venetian dialect (of which the Ferrarese seems only a modification) vali , or valleys.

See Nicholas, whom in his tender age .

Stanza xlii. line 1.

Nicholas being left an infant by his father Alberto’s death, Azzo of Este, who had been driven from his country, thought of returning, with the assistance of Tydeus, Count of Conio; but was opposed by the child’s guardians, who made Nicholas Lord of Ferrara. He afterwards killed Otho III. who had usurped Parma and Reggio—and obtained the grant of those cities by the consent of the inhabitants.

And still the fair dominion shall increase .

Stanza xliv. line 1.

Meaning that of the house of Este.

Lo! Lionel! lo! Borso great and kind!

Stanza xlv. line 1.

Lionel and Borso were the natural sons, and Hercules and Sigismond the legitimate sons of Nicholas; who left his legitimate children under the protection of Lionel, who, seizing the government, drove out the brothers, and reigned in their place. His brother Borso, after the death of Lionel, recalled the banished brothers, and educated them as his own children.

Lo! Hercules, who might reproach his neighbour, With foot half burnt, &c .

Stanza xlvi. lines 1 and 2.

Hercules succeeded Borso. He would seem to have been wounded in a battle at Budrio, where he was an ally of the Venetians against the Romans, and restored the fortune of the day, but I do not know what authority Ariosto had for this.

Budrio is a town in the territory of Ravenna. Barco is a place under the walls of Ferrara.

Where he shall strive in duel, hand to hand, And gain the praise of Catalonia’s king .

Stanza xlvii. lines 3 and 4.

Hercules fought in the service of Alphonso, king of the Catalans, when he, I suppose, fought the single combat alluded to in the text.

From the winged lions’ claws and fierce attacks .

Stanza xlix. line 2.

The ensign of Venice.

His happy state alone is unoffended; Unharassed, and ungalled by toll or tax .

Stanza xlix. lines 5 and 6.

His states escaped the oppression of Charles VIII. of France, when he overran the greater part of Italy.

The just Alphonso, Hippolite the good .

Stanza l. line 4.

Alphonso I. the third Duke of Ferrara, and Cardinal Ippolito his brother, both patrons of Ariosto.

There she (I know not if more justly hight Mother or stepmother), &c .

Stanza lii. lines 5 and 6.

Meaning Rome.

This shall the Spaniard know, to his dismay .

Stanza liv. line 1.

Alphonso being at variance with the pope and the Venetians, the pope obtained from Ferdinand, King of Naples, some Spanish troops, who took Bastia, which was retaken under the circumstances stated in the text.

Hippolitus, great cardinal of Rome .

Stanza lvi. line 4.

The Ippolito to whom he dedicates his poem.

As to Augustus is a Maro given .

Stanza lvi. last line.

The Maro ( Marone ), celebrated in the same stanza, in whom Ariosto might seem to have prefigured himself, is averred by a commentator to have been Andrea Marone, a Ferrarese poet of that day, and the conjecture appears strengthened by the honourable mention made of him in the last canto of the Furioso.

Backed by few foot, and fewer cavaliers, He homeward barks, and fifteen galleys steers .

Stanza lvii. lines 7 and 8.

Barks and galleys taken by horse and foot sound oddly in an Englishman’s ears. The passage alludes to the following exploit. The Venetians going up the Po with a fleet against Alphonso, Cardinal Ippolito went out of the city with some horse and foot, and coming to Volona, a castle near the river, and finding the enemy’s galleys unprovided, most of the crews being on shore, he sank four of them, and took fifteen, with other smaller craft.

This is the second Hercules .

Stanza lviii. line 5.

Hercules the second, fourth Duke of Ferrara.

Ah! luckless youths, with vain illusions fed .

Stanza lxi. line 7.

Ferrante of Este, natural brother to Alfonso and Ippolito, had conspired with Giulio, his natural brother, to assassinate the duke; but the plot being discovered, they were condemned to perpetual imprisonment.

Sir John Harrington tells the following story respecting the origin of this plot. “It happened that Ippolito, and one of these brothers, fell in love with a courtesan, who, showing less affection to Ippolito, was one day very earnestly importuned by him to know what moved her to prefer his brother before him; she answered, it was his beautiful eyes; upon which Ippolito ordered them to be thrust out; but the youth found means to preserve his sight, and, meeting with no redress, by making his complaint to the duke, he, and the other brother here mentioned, conspired to kill him; but, at the time of the execution, their hearts failed them, and the plot being discovered they were kept in perpetual imprisonment.”

Thieved from an Indian queen by subtle guiles .

Stanza lxix. line 2.

Angelica, daughter of Galaphroii of Cathay. For this and the other thefts of Brunello, see the Innamorato .

I am afraid the reader will have found this bad imitation of Virgil’s 6th book of the Æneid, and genealogy in verse and prose, as tedious to read as I have to write. If he is, however, nauseated with the flattery addressed to the house which it was intended to glorify, he should recollect that there are circumstances which may mitigate the feeling excited by seeing fine talents so unworthily employed.

It may, in the first place, be observed, that Ariosto’s sin was the vice of his century; and, in the second, that he proceeded in the line marked out for him by Boiardo, not merely in what relates to his story, but, generally speaking, also in his mode of conducting it, style of episodes,. &c. &c. &c. Now, in Boiardo, he found a precedent for the third canto, which I have attempted to illustrate in these notes. Not to follow his guide then, in this place, when he had followed him every where else, would have been little short of an insult to his patron; the more so, as the honest old Lord of Scandiano had no apparent motive for ministering to the vanity of the house of Este.

Though Ariosto is usually happy in his copies of the ancient poets, he seems here to have been oppressed by his subject, and the vision of the brother’s, suggested by that of Marcellus, with the

“luctum ne quære tuorum,”

imitated in the LXII stanza, seem the only circumstances, in his original, which he has turned to account.

Layout 2

THE ORLANDO FURIOSO.

CANTO IV.

ARGUMENT.

The old Atlantes suffers fatal wreck,

Foiled by the ring, and young Rogero freed,

Who soars in air till he appears a speck,

Mounted upon tlhe wizard’s winged steed.

Obedient to the royal Charles’s beck,

He who had followed Love’s imperious lead,

Rinaldo, disembarks on British land,

And saves Geneura, doomed to stake and brand.

THE ORLANDO FURIOSO.

CANTO IV.

I.

Though an ill mind appear in simulation , And, for the most, such quality offends; ’Tis plain that this in many a situation Is found to further beneficial ends, And save from blame, and danger, and vexation; Since we converse not always with our friends, In this, less clear than clouded, mortal life, Beset with snares, and full of envious strife.